{"id":128,"date":"2018-04-08T12:38:19","date_gmt":"2018-04-08T12:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/chapter\/strategies-for-success\/"},"modified":"2023-08-02T16:12:48","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T16:12:48","slug":"strategies-for-success","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/chapter\/strategies-for-success\/","title":{"raw":"Strategies for Success","rendered":"Strategies for Success"},"content":{"raw":"

Given the diverse nature of audiences, the complexity of the communication process, and the countless options and choices to make when preparing your presentation, you may feel overwhelmed. One effective way to address this is to focus on ways to reach, interact, or stimulate your audience. Charles Kostelnick and David Roberts outline several <\/span>cognate strategies<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0or ways of framing, expressing, and representing a message to an audience, in <\/span>Designing Visual Language: Strategies for Professional Communicators<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(Kostelnick & Roberts, 1998). The word \u201ccognate\u201d refers to knowledge, and these strategies are techniques to impart knowledge to your audience. They help answer questions like \u201cDoes the audience understand how I\u2019m arranging my information?\u201d \u201cAm I emphasizing my key points effectively?\u201d and \u201cHow does my expression and representation of information contribute to a relationship with the audience?\u201d They can serve you to better anticipate and meet your audience\u2019s basic needs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Table 5.1 summarizes the nine cognate strategies in relation to Aristotle\u2019s forms of rhetorical proof; it also provides areas on which to focus your attention as you design your message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Aristotle\u2019s Forms of Rhetorical Proof<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cognate Strategies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Focus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Pathos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n
    \n \t
  • Tone<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Emphasis<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Engagement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • Expression<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Relevance<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Relationship<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Logos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n
    \n \t
  • Clarity<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Conciseness<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Arrangement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • Clear understanding<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Key points <\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Order, hierarchy, placement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ethos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n
    \n \t
  • Credibility<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Expectation<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Reference<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • Character, trust<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Norms and anticipated outcomes<\/span><\/li>\n \t
  • Sources and frames of reference<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \nAristotle outlined three main forms of rhetorical proof: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos involves the speaker\u2019s character and expertise. Logos is the logic of the speaker\u2019s presentation\u2014something that will be greatly enhanced by a good organizational plan. Aristotle discussed pathos as the use of emotion as a persuasive element in the speech (Wisse, J., 1998), or \u201cthe arousing of emotions in the audience.\u201d If you use pathos in a strategic way, you are following Aristotle\u2019s notion of rhetorical proof as the available means of persuasion. If logic and expertise don\u2019t move the audience, a tragic picture may do so.<\/span><\/p>\n

    The cognate strategies are in many ways expressions of these three elements, but by focusing on individual characteristics, can work toward being more effective in their preparation and presentation. Many of these strategies build on basic ideas of communication, such as verbal and nonverbal delivery. By keeping that in mind, you\u2019ll be more likely to see the connections and help yourself organize your presentation effectively.\n<\/span><\/p>\n

    You\u2019ll want to consider the cognate strategies and how to address each area to make your speech as effective as possible, given your understanding of the rhetorical situation.<\/span><\/p>","rendered":"

    Given the diverse nature of audiences, the complexity of the communication process, and the countless options and choices to make when preparing your presentation, you may feel overwhelmed. One effective way to address this is to focus on ways to reach, interact, or stimulate your audience. Charles Kostelnick and David Roberts outline several <\/span>cognate strategies<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0or ways of framing, expressing, and representing a message to an audience, in <\/span>Designing Visual Language: Strategies for Professional Communicators<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(Kostelnick & Roberts, 1998). The word \u201ccognate\u201d refers to knowledge, and these strategies are techniques to impart knowledge to your audience. They help answer questions like \u201cDoes the audience understand how I\u2019m arranging my information?\u201d \u201cAm I emphasizing my key points effectively?\u201d and \u201cHow does my expression and representation of information contribute to a relationship with the audience?\u201d They can serve you to better anticipate and meet your audience\u2019s basic needs.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Table 5.1 summarizes the nine cognate strategies in relation to Aristotle\u2019s forms of rhetorical proof; it also provides areas on which to focus your attention as you design your message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Aristotle\u2019s Forms of Rhetorical Proof<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Cognate Strategies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Focus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Pathos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n
      \n
    • Tone<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Emphasis<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Engagement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
    		\n
      \n
    • Expression<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Relevance<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Relationship<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n

    Logos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n
      \n
    • Clarity<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Conciseness<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Arrangement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
    		\n
      \n
    • Clear understanding<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Key points <\/span><\/li>\n
    • Order, hierarchy, placement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n

    Ethos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n
      \n
    • Credibility<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Expectation<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Reference<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
    		\n
      \n
    • Character, trust<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Norms and anticipated outcomes<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Sources and frames of reference<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


      \nAristotle outlined three main forms of rhetorical proof: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos involves the speaker\u2019s character and expertise. Logos is the logic of the speaker\u2019s presentation\u2014something that will be greatly enhanced by a good organizational plan. Aristotle discussed pathos as the use of emotion as a persuasive element in the speech (Wisse, J., 1998), or \u201cthe arousing of emotions in the audience.\u201d If you use pathos in a strategic way, you are following Aristotle\u2019s notion of rhetorical proof as the available means of persuasion. If logic and expertise don\u2019t move the audience, a tragic picture may do so.<\/span><\/p>\n

      The cognate strategies are in many ways expressions of these three elements, but by focusing on individual characteristics, can work toward being more effective in their preparation and presentation. Many of these strategies build on basic ideas of communication, such as verbal and nonverbal delivery. By keeping that in mind, you\u2019ll be more likely to see the connections and help yourself organize your presentation effectively.
      \n<\/span><\/p>\n

      You\u2019ll want to consider the cognate strategies and how to address each area to make your speech as effective as possible, given your understanding of the rhetorical situation.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-128","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":121,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":129,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions\/129"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/121"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.pressbooks.network\/testcssclone\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}